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Your investment portfolio isnt carved in stone.

Every month, you should be receiving an itemized statement of whats in it as of the close of business on the last day of the month, how its performed, what it has cost you, how much its worth, and how much its changed since the last statement and since the beginning of the year.

What it wont tell you is whether its time to make changes. And thats something only you and your advisor can do, preferably close to year-end. Heres how:

Throughout the year, markets fluctuate, assets gain or lose value, investment positions grow or shrink as securities are bought and sold, and dividends and interest are collected and reinvested. All this is bound to have an impact on the characteristics of your portfolio.

When you add it all up, what you thought was perhaps a 50/50 fixed-income/equity split in your balanced portfolio at the start of the year could have become a 40/60 split, or even a 30/70 fixed-income/equity split at the end of the year. The net effect is that your overall portfolio risk has grown considerably, because your portfolio is now overweighted to stocks, which are considered riskier than fixed-income.

If left unattended, this can have a serious impact on your portfolio performance the next time stock markets enter a bearish phase.

Review to Rebalance

Thats why an annual portfolio review (and if necessary, a rebalancing) is essential. Here are the key components of a review to discuss with your advisor:

1. Asset Allocation

How you divide your assets among the three key asset groups (safety, income, and growth) largely determines the return you can expect and the risk that youre accepting over your expected time horizon.

When that allocation is skewed by extraordinary gains or losses in one class or another, your risk profile will change as a consequence. Review your asset class weightings annually to ensure your portfolio still meets your time, return, and risk profile.

2. Diversification

Is your portfolio sufficiently diversified in each main asset class?

Diversification is at the heart of best practices portfolio planning. It makes no sense at all from a risk-mitigation perspective to have your portfolio allocated 50 percent to fixed income and 50 percent to equities, and then have only one bond and one stock in each class.

Review your portfolio annually to ensure individual asset classes contain sufficiently diversified individual securities. In fixed income, for example, youd spread weightings among federal, provincial, and corporate bonds. And in equities, youd diversify by sector, by region, by capitalization, and so on to achieve your desired risk level.

3. Security Selection

When researched, analyzed, and selected properly, individual stocks and bonds within a portfolio work in harmony to achieve a specific purpose, say a minimum dividend yield, a specific target price gain, or a specified yield to maturity.

When that target has been achieved, the position is usually analyzed to determine whether a switch or change within the portfolio is needed. Sometimes this is done at year-end in conjunction with generating tax losses to cover capital gains.

4. Mutual Fund/ETF Review

If, like many investors, youve outsourced your portfolio to mutual funds (for active management) or exchange-traded funds (to take advantage of low-cost passive diversification), you should review your investment rationale and compare it with the funds performance over the past year.

Are there reasons to switch or rebalance funds, for example, a change in manager or a change in focus or mandate (in the case of mutual funds), or a change in index methodology or liquidity or ownership (in the case of ETFs)?

Funds and ETFs are frequently closed, merged, and renamed. If this has occurred to your funds, review the new funds mandates to ensure theyll still deliver what you expected when you first purchased them. If not, consider switching.

Conduct your annual review with an independent advisor, who should be able to provide insight on whether prospective rebalancing will have unintended tax consequences or other unwanted effects on your portfolio.

And remember, your objective is not to remake your portfolio but to restore it to a state where it continues to meet your time horizon, risk tolerance, and return objectives.

Courtesy Fundata Canada Inc. © 2014. Robyn Thompson, CFP, CIM, FCSI, is president of Castlemark Wealth Management. This article is not intended as personalized advice.